departmental as well as criminal proceedings against government servants to be conducted simultaneously

The departmental and criminal proceedings against the erring Government servants will now be conducted simultaneously and necessary instructions in this regard have been passed to all the Administrative Secretaries for prompt and strict compliance.
The Supreme Court in its judgement in case titled “State of Rajasthan Versus BK Meena and Others” dated September 27, 1996 had made it clear that the approach and the objective in the criminal proceedings and the disciplinary proceedings are altogether distinct and different.
Moreover, the Apex Court in its judgment delivered in a case titled “State Bank of India and Others Versus Neelam Nag” on September 16, 2016 had mentioned that there is no legal bar to the holding of the disciplinary proceedings and the criminal trial simultaneously.
However, despite these explicit judgments of the highest court of the country, there was lack of clarity in Jammu and Kashmir regarding initiation of departmental proceedings in cases where criminal proceedings have either been sanctioned or the proceedings in the criminal case have been stayed by a higher forum. Due to this, the authorities were preferring to await conclusion of the criminal proceedings before initiating departmental proceedings.
Recently, on the directions of the Chief Secretary BVR Subrahmanyam, the plethora of judgments of the Apex Court were minutely examined by a group of senior officers in consultation with the Department of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs and finally the issue regarding conduct of departmental enquiry in general cases and in particular where prosecution stands sanctioned has been settled.
“The matter has been commented upon by the Apex Court in plethora of judicial pronouncements and the Apex Court has held that there is no legal bar in simultaneous conduct of departmental proceedings along with the criminal proceedings”, the Commissioner Secretary to Government, General Administration Department Hilal Ahmad said in a circular issued today.
“It is a settled legal position that the criminal proceedings and the departmental proceedings can be held simultaneously except in the cases where the court has specifically restrained the Government from undertaking departmental proceedings”, the circular said.
Accordingly, the General Administration Department has directed all the departments to initiate departmental proceedings in all such criminal cases where the criminal proceedings have been initiated and the alleged criminal act amounts to misconduct and attracts the provisions of Jammu and Kashmir Civil Services (Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules, 1956.
“The departments should accordingly take recourse and strictly adhere to the Rules of 1956 wherever departmental enquiry in such cases has to be initiated”, the circular said.
It is pertinent to mention here that in its judgment in the case titled “State of Rajasthan Versus BK Meena and Others”, the Apex Court had held: “In the disciplinary proceedings, the question is whether the respondent is guilty of such conduct as would merit his removal from service or a lesser punishment whereas in the criminal proceedings the question is whether offences registered against him under the Prevention of Corruption Act are established and if established what sentence should be imposed upon him”.
“The standard of proof, the mode of enquiry and the rules governing the enquiry and trial in both the cases are entirely distinct and different. Staying of disciplinary proceedings pending criminal proceedings should not be matter of course but a considered decision. Even if stayed at one stage, the decision may require reconsideration with the criminal case gets unduly delayed”, the judgment further reads.
Similarly, the Supreme Court judgment in the case titled “State Bank of India and Others Versus Neelam Nag” read: “Suffice it to say that while there is no legal bar to the holding of the disciplinary proceedings and the criminal trial simultaneously, stay of the disciplinary proceedings may be advisable course in cases where the criminal charge against the employee is grave and continuance of the disciplinary proceedings is likely to prejudice their defence before the criminal court”.
“Gravity of the charge is, however, not by itself enough to determine the question unless the charge involves complicated question of the law. The court examining the question must also keep in mind that criminal trials get prolonged indefinitely especially where the number of accused arraigned for trial is large. The court, therefore, has to draw a balance between the need for a fair trial to the accused on the one hand and the competing demand for an expeditious conclusion of the ongoing disciplinary proceedings on the other. Moreover, an early conclusion of the disciplinary proceeding has itself been seen to be in the interest of the employees”.

NCLAT: NCLT Cannot Decide Legality Of A Foreign Decree

The NCLAT has once again held that the NCLT, for the purpose of initiating insolvency, has no jurisdiction to decide whether a foreign decree is legal or illegal.

The judgment is in response to an appeal filed against the Principal Bench order which got into the merits of a foreign decree, in the case of Usha Holdings LLC vs. Francorp Advisors. The Principal Bench found that the foreign decree did not satisfy the requirements of Section13 and 44A of the Civil Procedure Code, and hence the debt was not enforceable.

The NCLAT, however, disagreed and held that NCLT has no authority to decide the legality of a foreign decree. While doing so, it relied on the NCLAT judgment in the case of Binani, and recorded that,

“we hold that the Adjudicating Authority not being a Court or ‘Tribunal’ and ‘Insolvency Resolution Process’ not being a litigation, it has no jurisdiction to decide whether a foreign decree is legal or illegal.”

The reliance on the Binani judgment may be misplaced. The text of the judgment (or at least the portion quoted) does not make any reference to or is in any way related to the power of the NCLT with respect to enforcement of foreign decrees.

However, a previous judgment of the NCLAT provides better reasoning as to why NCLT is not the competent court to decide on validity of a decree, in insolvency proceedings. In the case of V.R. Hemantraj vs. Stanbic Bank Ghana Ltd, the NCLAT found that an application under Section 7, 9 or 10 is not a recovery proceeding, or proceeding for determination of claim on merit.

It further held that the NCLT is not required to write a detailed decision as to which are the evidence relied upon for its satisfaction. The NCLT is only required to be satisfied that there is a ‘debt’ and default has occurred.

Both judgments make reference to the term ‘Adjudicating Authority’  and not ‘NCLT’, because the NCLT has the powers of a Civil Court under provisions of the Companies Act, but the Adjudicating Authority under the IBC does not.

Supreme Court historic Judgments of 2018

1.            Sabarimala open to women after 27 years

Considered one of the holiest Hindu temples in the country, Sabarimala is located at the Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala. For the last 27 years, the temple has not been open to menstruating women (between the ages of 10 and 50). On September 28, the Supreme Court lifted this ban imposed by the Kerala High Court. The five-judge bench led by former Chief Justice Dipak Misra said,

“The dualism that persists in religion by glorifying and venerating women as goddesses on one hand and by imposing rigorous sanctions on the other hand in matters of devotion has to be abandoned. Such a dualistic approach and an entrenched mindset results in indignity to women and the degradation of their status.”

2.            Husband no longer wife’s master; adultery not a crime

Just a day before the Sabarimala verdict, the apex court struck down the colonial-era law of adultery. Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code stated that a woman could be punished for adultery, as could a man who has consensual sexual intercourse with another man's wife without his consent.

The apex court declared the law unconstitutional as it treated the husband as the master of his wife.

Chief Justice Dipak Misra read, "Any provision of law affecting individual dignity and equality of women invites the wrath of the constitution. Legal sovereignty of one sex over other sex is wrong."

3.            Link your Aadhaar? No more.

On September 26, a five-judge bench of the Supreme Court scrapped Section 77 of the Aadhaar Act. After 31 petitions challenged the validity of Aadhaar and said that it violated a citizen’s privacy, the court declared that while Aadhaar was constitutional it was, however, unconstitutional to make it mandatory for availing government services.

The verdict barred several private entities from asking customers to verify themselves using Aadhaar to avail their services.

4.            See court proceedings live

On September 26, a bench led by CJI Dipak Misra stated, “sunlight is the best disinfectant”, and said that all future proceedings of national and constitutional importance will be streamed live.

But, to ensure protection and privacy, it also added that cases related to matrimonial and where a child is involved like Protection of Children from Sexual Offences cases will be excluded.

5.            No more 377 - Same-sex love is not a crime

CJI Dipak Misra also led the bench that scrapped Section 377. The bench stated it to be ‘irrational, indefensible and manifestly arbitrary'.

The historic ruling stated,

“The natural identity of an individual should be treated to be essential to his being. What nature gives is natural. That is called nature within. Thus, that part of the personality of a person must be respected and not despised or looked down upon.”

6.            ‘Love Jihad’

In 2016, Hindu woman Hadiya Jahan converted to Islam and married Shafin Jahan, sparking a controversy when her father claimed that her daughter was brainwashed by extremist groups.

The issue escalated to Kerala High Court on January 19, 2016, that declared the marriage to be “only a sham”, and “a charade to force the hands of the court”. Hadiya’s custody was given to her father as the HC stated that she was incapable of taking her own decisions. But, things changed this year.

On March 8 this year, the case was heard by the Supreme Court and the final judgment came in Hadiya’s favour as the bench concluded that it was her choice to choose to live with whoever she wishes to.

7.            The fundamental right to die

On March 9, a five-judge bench led by CJI Dipak Mishra held the right to life includes the right to die with dignity. The apex court decided passive euthanasia should be allowed for withdrawal of life support for terminally ill patients or patients in a permanent vegetative state.

In doing so, the court ensured that an individual’s right to die with dignity is more important than the state’s interest in ‘preserving the sanctity of life’.

NGT orders closure of 8 industrial units in Uttarakhand's Sitarganj industrial area

 The National Green Tribunal has ordered closure of eight industrial units in Uttarakhand's Sitarganj area after the Central Pollution Control Board found them violating pollution norms.

A bench headed by Justice Raghuvendra S Rathore asked the authorities to shut down Gujarat Ambuja Exports Limited, Fleetguard Filters Pvt Ltd, Speciality Industrial Polymers & Coatings Pvt Ltd, Henken Chembond Surface Ace Tech Ltd, Western Consolidated Pvt Ltd, Balaji Action Buildwell Pvt Ltd, Reckitt and Benkiser Unit 1, and Reckitt and Benkiser Unit 2.

"We order that all these industries shall be shut down immediately. The Collector, Uddam Singh Nagar and Superintendent of Police as well as Member Secretary state pollution control board shall ensure that all these industries are shut down forthwith," the bench said.

The tribunal also directed the CPCB to submit a report with respect to the remaining industries which they have already inspected and submit the analysis report by June 18.

It had earlier directed the CPCB to inspect and take samples from industries located in the vicinity of Uttarakhand village of Siddh Garbyang so that the polluting units can be shut.

The tribunal had earlier appointed senior advocate Raj Panjwani and advocate Meera Gopal to assist it on a complaint of the residents of the Uttarakhand village, alleging discharge of untreated chemical effluents in drains by industries located in the vicinity.

The villagers had contended that there was complete violation of environmental laws and pollution norms by a large number of industries at the SIDCUL industrial park, located in the vicinity of Siddh Garbyang.

Terming the situation as alarming, the bench had directed its registry to register the villagers' letter as a petition and asked the Uttarakhand state pollution control board to inspect the industrial units around the village.

The NGT had issued notices to the Uttarakhand government, District Magistrate of Udham Singh Nagar, state pollution control board, and Managing Director of SIDCUL, and sought their responses.

The state pollution board was directed to identify the industries which were discharging untreated effluent and causing air and ground water pollution. It had also been asked to inform the tribunal on whether the industries were complying with the conditions of environment clearance.

The complainants had said the industrial units were spewing black soot which deposited black dust on the village houses, especially in the morning and evening hours due to which it was difficult for the residents to sit outside their houses or do any work.

"During rainy season, the effluent spread over the agriculture fields and even the tube wells of the village are having coloured water which is not fit for human or animal consumption,"

NCLT admits SBI’s plea against Videocon Telecommunications

The National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) has admitted the insolvency petition filed by State Bank of India (SBI) against Videocon Telecommunications Ltd. This is the second firm promoted by Venugopal Dhoot to be admitted to the insolvency resolution process after the flagship company Videocon Industries.

On Friday, the division bench of NCLT Mumbai, presided over by B.S.V. Prakash Kumar and Ravikumar Duraisamy, admitted the petition by the country’s largest lender and also approved Anuj Jain as the interim resolution professional (IRP).

Animesh Bisht, counsel for the bank, argued that the company had defaulted in the payment of ₹234 crore to SBI and three of its associate banks (now merged with SBI). Of this, Videocon Telecommunications owes ₹193 crore to SBI alone in principal and interest.

A consortium of 18 banks has an exposure of ₹1,700 crore to Videocon Telecommunications, which defaulted on loans and bank guarantees in January 2018.

Zal Andhyarujina, counsel for Videocon Telecommunications, argued that the bank’s petition is defective, as it has not furnished the record of default by the company and that it should be dismissed on technical grounds. “The debt that is claimed by the bank is not the debt at all,” he said. “No notice was given to the company regarding the default and there was no crystallization of the dues by the bank.”

On Wednesday, NCLT admitted Videocon Industries’ case, also approving Jain as IRP. In February, Videocon had filed a writ petition in the Bombay high court asking for a stay on bankruptcy proceedings initiated by SBI in NCLT. It had moved the high court against the Reserve Bank of India’s decision not to extend the timeline as requested by SBI and the Joint Lenders’ Forum to rerate Videocon’s restructuring proposal following changes in cash flows after subsequent changes in the import duty policy.

As per Videocon’s FY17 annual report, it is liable to repay the liability of other group firms to the extent of ₹5,082 crore as of 31 March 2017. Its total debt was ₹19,506 crore as of March last year.

https://www.livemint.com/Companies/19avCLGjeDeidnyFL7IucO/NCLT-admits-SBIs-plea-against-Videocon-Telecommunications.html

Govt to launch fresh drive against shell companies

Over 225,000 companies and 7,000 limited liability partnerships (LLPs) face the threat of being struck off official records, with the government launching a fresh drive against companies defaulting on filing statutory returns.

The identified companies include entities with no economic activity, called defunct companies, as well as those used for financial irregularities, or shell companies.

A total of 225,910 companies and 7,191 LLPs have been identified for regulatory action due to non-filing of financial statements for the two years starting FY16, the corporate affairs ministry said in a statement. The fresh crackdown will be launched this financial year.

The identified entities will be given an opportunity to be heard and action will be taken after considering their response, said the statement.

In an earlier drive launched in the last financial year, the Registrar of Companies (RoCs) had struck off a total of 226,000 companies for having failed to file their financial statements or annual returns for a period of two or more successive financial years.

More than 300,000 directors were also disqualified for non-filing of annual returns by the companies for three years. Disqualified directors will not be in a position to sit on the boards of other companies.

About 14,000 companies got relief under the ‘condonation of delay scheme, 2018’ which was in force for four months from 1 January for regularization of returns.

The removal of the large number of defaulting entities from the records will clean up the system. However, only a small part of the entities struck off from records may have actually been involved in financial fraud.

A task force set up in 2017 to identify shell companies listed 16,537 entities as “confirmed shell companies”. It also listed 16,739 other entities having common directorships with the confirmed shell companies. The task force has also zeroed in on more than 80,000 suspected shell companies. The agencies use certain parameters to identify shell firms, including identifying persons of no means sitting on the board of directors and finding discrepancies between the volume of transactions done by a company and the profits reported.

Regulatory agencies will pursue cases against officers who are in default of statutory obligations even if the company is no longer in existence.

The crackdown highlights the importance of closing down a company as per law as many defaulting firms may actually be cases of entrepreneurs abandoning their venture and not bothering to close down the company as per law, which makes them defaulters for not filing returns in subsequent years. Also, many entrepreneurs open new companies just to hold their intellectual property rights such as trade marks but miss filing the annual returns as such companies have no operations.

“The government expects that its efforts to clean up the registry will create a transparent and compliant corporate ecosystem in India, promote the cause of ‘ease of doing business’ and enhance the trust of the public,” the official statement explained.

Pavan Kumar Vijay, founder of consulting firm Corporate Professionals, said that entities that are in default should be granted the opportunity to rectify the omissions through a simple procedure. This would ensure that struck off entities will not approach company law tribunals which are already overburdened, Vijay added.

The exercise of combing through records to find defaulters as well as those resorting to suspicious transactions has been a key part of the authorities’ strategy to identify instances of black money generation and money laundering.

According to industry observers, businesses often under-report their income or inflate expenses through bogus transactions involving companies that exist only on paper.

Over the last few years, successive governments have taken steps to curb tax evasion as well as funds that are moved out of the country coming back in the form of foreign direct investment. One key step in this regard is the renegotiation of India’s tax treaty with Mauritius.

China vs China: Coolpad may take Xiaomi to court in India

Chinese smartphone maker Coolpad is open to moving Indian courts against IPO-bound rival Xiaomi over patent infringement, after the company filed seven such cases in China in two different courts since January this year.

Coolpad’s chief intellectual property officer told ET that Indian laws protected patent holders’ interest, which made the South Asian nation’s courts a strong option for litigation, citing the example of Ericsson suing Xiaomi in a local court which lead to an interim bar on sales of specific Xiaomi phones.

“India is one of the key markets, and India has the reputation for protecting intellectual property rights, has better laws and systems to protect patent holders.

As we saw in the Ericsson-Xiaomi case, we feel that India is a good ground for protecting patents,” Zhang said when asked whether the company would file a lawsuit here.

“Because our products are sold in India and we’re a company focused on protecting our IP assets, we will file a case in any country where we have a good chance to get good remedies,” she added.

Coolpad Group’s subsidiary, Yulong Computer Telecommunication Scientific, has filed six cases in Shenzen Intermediate People’s Court, Guangdong province, in January, and one in Nanjing Intermediate People’s Court, Jiangsu province, in May, against Xiaomi Telecom, Xiaomi Technology and Mi Home Business, citing patent infringement and has sought immediate bar on production and sale of certain mobile phone models.

Yulong claims that models including Xiaomi Mi Max 2, Xiaomi Note 3, Xiaomi Mi 5X, Xiaomi Redmi Note 4X and Mi Mix 2, use three patents on interface, applications, icon configuration and dual-SIM card and dual-stand-by technologies, which enable basic communication, display and interaction functions that belong to the company. The first hearings are expected in September.

Xiaomi, which has maintained its No 1 position in the Indian smartphone market since December 2017, said that it was aware of the motion filed by Coolpad’s subsidiary in China, but has sought that the patent rights be declared invalid.

“Xiaomi understands that the filing has yet to be accepted by the court. Xiaomi has requested the Patent Reexamination Board of SIPO to declare the invalidation of the three patent rights regarding the above-mentioned patent infringement law suit,” it said in response to ET’s queries.

With the strong growth in smartphone sales, India has become a battleground for lawsuits alleging patent infringement.

A key player in this field is Sweden’s Ericsson which has taken several mobile phone companies including Xiaomi, Micromax, Gionee and iBall to court seeking royalties for using its standard essential patents (SEPs) on 2G and 3G technologies, since 2015.

In the specific case of Xiaomi, the Swedish gear maker got an interim injunction against sale of models using Chinese chipmaker Mediatek’s chipsets in India, which forced Xiaomi to sell only those with chipsets from Qualcomm.

Xiaomi eventually entered into an agreement with the US-based chipmaker, but its lawsuit with Ericsson remains pending in the Delhi High Court.

But not all have been as successful. Indian brands like iBall and Micromax have settled with Ericsson, with Micromax taking a global patent license from Ericsson, under which it will pay royalties on every phone sold in India and overseas which uses 2G or 3G technology.

Supreme Court refuses to stay CLAT counselling process

THE SUPREME Court gave a go-ahead for counselling for students who have cleared the Common Law Entrance Admission Test (CLAT), 2018, for admissions to the country’s top law universities. A bench of Justices Adarsh Kumar Goel and Ashok Bhushan refused to stay the counselling but clarified that “any further steps in the matter would be subject to further orders” of the court. “We cannot stop it,” the bench said.

Meanwhile, the report of the Grievance Redressal Committee, set up by National University of Advanced Legal Studies (NUALS), Kochi, to look into complaints about technical glitches during the exam held on May 13, was placed before the court Wednesday.

The bench directed that copies of the same be supplied to the parties. “In the meanwhile, the registry may furnish copies of the report of the Grievance Redressal Committee, appointed vide order dated May 25, to the counsel appearing for the parties,” it said.

The court had directed formation of the committee after some students approached it complaining about glitches in the test held on May 13 causing loss of crucial time.

whether the NCLAT can dismiss a statutory appeal?

 On 18 May 2018, in M/s B Himmatlal Agrawal (Appellant) v Competition Commission of India (CCI) and Anr. [Civil Appeal No. 5029 of 2018], the Supreme Court of India (Supreme Court) distinguished the decision of the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) while disposing of a statutory appeal under the Competition Act, 2002 (Competition Act).

The issue before the Supreme Court was whether the NCLAT can dismiss a statutory appeal for non-compliance of its interlocutory direction to deposit a portion of the penalty as a condition for grant of interim relief. In this instant case, the Supreme Court set aside part of the NCLAT's order and restored the appeal that had been dismissed by the NCLAT. 

Background

The CCI found the Appellant guilty of rigging the bids for tenders floated by Western Coalfields Limited and correspondingly imposed a penalty of INR 3,61,00,000, which was ordered to be deposited within 60 days (CCI Order). The Appellant filed an appeal before the NCLAT against the CCI Order, seeking inter alia a stay of the penalty deposit. In response, the NCLAT granted a stay against the CCI Order (NCLAT Stay Order), with a condition that the Appellant was to deposit a sum equal to 10% of the total penalty (Deposit). However, the Appellant was unable to execute the Deposit due to financial distress. Consequently, the NCLAT dismissed the appeal on the ground of non-compliance with the NCLAT Stay Order. Being aggrieved, the Appellant filed an appeal against the NCLAT's decision before the Supreme Court.

Decision of the Supreme Court

The Supreme Court recognised that the right to appeal is provided under Section 53B of the Competition Act and that the said provision does not require any pre-deposit of penalty for entertaining an appeal. The Supreme Court held that the right to appeal granted by a statute cannot be curtailed by imposing a condition of pre-deposit of penalty, which can result in the dismissal of the appeal, if such deposit is not satisfied.

The Supreme Court declared that non-compliance of the NCLAT Stay Order will not impact the substantive appeal. As the condition of deposit was attached to the NCLAT Stay Order, any non-compliance would result in the NCLAT Stay Order ceasing to operate, as the pre-condition is not fulfilled. However, the substantive appeal would have to be decided on merits after giving the involved parties an opportunity to be heard.

As a result, the Supreme Court set aside part of the NCLAT Stay Order and directed that the appeal be restored and decided on merits. The stay order remained vacated on ground of the non-compliance.

http://www.mondaq.com/india/x/707524/Antitrust+Competition/Supreme+Court+Clarifies+NCLATs+Powers+In+Appeal

Intellectual Property Markets

Patents, trademarks, and copyrights are hardly new. Trademarks came first, in the 1200s in England. Patents were next, in the 1400s in Italy. Copyrights emerged in the early 1700s in England. For the United States, laws passed in the 1790s protected patents and copyrights. Trademark laws arrived in the 1870s following legislative activity throughout Europe. These are the three primary types of intellectual property (IP) that can be “registered” with governments for protection. Each are made public, and available statistics for all countries make it possible to track global activity.

Registered IP Boom: What is happening is not a surprise. There are several factors, besides globalization and competitiveness, that fuel the growth. First is the ability to monetize IP. IP used to be part of the price of a product. It still is, but it can also be sold or licensed or bartered in an increasingly liquid marketplace. Transactable IP, which began in the early 2000s, increased the size of the available market. Providers of software and services could now create many more capabilities than simply IP inventory management systems for companies.

Open innovation came of age a few years later, spurred by giants such as Procter & Gamble that set a goal to in-source 50% of their innovations from other companies. As the internet increasingly enabled global connectivity, big data and algorithmic analytics came of age. All the pieces were now in place to take a company’s IP portfolio and compare it to any company or set of global statistics.

Finally, coming full circle, this easily comparative global information spurred further growth as analysts warned companies about not keeping up with the Joneses. Geometric growth has been going on for the past five to seven years.

IP Networks: Another important growth driver are IP organizations that are not the actual governmental registration bodies. Western economic zones have assembled neighboring countries into consortiums and/or empowered agencies that oversee activities and influence country policies and legislation, such as Europe, Eurasia, the Arab States, and Africa. Asian countries appear to be taking a more solo approach.

On a larger scale, the World Intellectual Property Organization has become an increasingly important player. It was established in 1967 by the United Nations as a self-funding agency. It is located in Geneva, Switzerland, and represents 191 of 195 countries. WIPO, as it is known, is the global forum for IP services, policy, information, and cooperation. It is a great source of information on all registered IP. Get on their e-mail list and you will have your finger on the pulse.

Patents & Trademarks: There will always be regional, vertical, and other types of segment competitors, but a look at several WIPO’s global services likely portends the future of IP. WIPO offers three global registration platforms: for utility patents (PCT), design patents (Hague), and trademarks (Madrid). Users file a single “international application” directly with WIPO, which then handles the various country filings. This is a great assist for emergent countries and regions, and is also increasingly used by industrialized nations which already have plenty of infrastructure for registration and enforcement.

Copyrights: Copyrights are also increasingly being monetized. After the “free thinking” period when the internet boom began, the realization that content has value started to return. Giant companies and organizations around the globe now compete to gather and charge for access to their content. The list is long. Copyrights have a couple interesting twists. First is the ability to digitally identify every single publication, a systems capability that has been evolving since 1998.

Does it sound to you like the future of registered IP is headed to be a transactable commodity?